Getting Started

Most teachers know that preparing for a mandated test is not education. If they felt like they were allowed to do things differently they would, or at least they would be willing to try. How, with high stakes testing and evaluations, can a teacher move toward a constructivist approach? Part of the response is it takes a leap of faith, the other part is it takes a different perspective.

The leap of faith is not as big a leap as it may sound. It is probably more accurately a leap of belief. A belief in the students and their ability to adapt, learn and still pass tests. If you have become so jaded that your ability to believe in your students is gone, please get out of teaching. You are not only doing harm to yourself, but to the students and the profession. The leap is a belief that learners can pass tests, not because they have been drilled and memorized all that is needed to pass, but because they can think and analyze and problem solve. It is a belief that even if the students have not been exposed to everything that may be on a test, what they have been exposed to they know well and can use to help identify answers they may not know off hand.

It is also a belief in yourself and your own experience. Like Morpheus in The Matrix, you have to believe what your intuition is telling you, that there is a better way. When you begin experimenting with constructivist approaches there will be resistance. Resistance will come from students, parents and administrators. It will also come from yourself. When everyone is questioning you, it is easy to start thinking, maybe I am the one that’s wrong. In those moments I remind myself of the Gandhi quote, “Never apologize for being correct, or for being years ahead of your time. If you’re right and you know it, speak your mind. Even if you are a minority of one, the truth is still the truth.” Those times will definitely happen. Believe in yourself!

The move to constructivism takes a different perspective, on almost everything you do in the classroom. Your perspective already started to change if you are thinking about moving to constructivist approaches. You already know that learning is not the focus of modern education. Your perspective needs to focus on learning. Not learning that is easily measured and recorded, but learning that is lasting and deep. That perspective will start to shift your perspective on many other areas.

The first thing that most likely needs to a change of perspective is curriculum. What are kids learning in your class and why? Most curriculums are far too packed with content to ever really learn it all. Just because it was covered doesn’t mean it was learned. Tough decisions are going to have to be made. In my opinion less is always more. Deeper understanding of some topics is better than shallow understanding of a lot of topics. There are many pressures to cover the curriculum, from state mandated tests to other standardized tests like Advanced Placement. Very few students get perfect scores, yet we act like that is the goal. And those that do most likely would score that high no matter who was teaching the class. Your perspective on tests will influence your approach. I always told my AP classes I would rather have every student get a three and leave loving and wanting to discover more about the topic, than every student get a five and leave hating the topic. If you can’t get there yourself, maybe you shouldn’t teach those classes.

The role of the teacher is another perspective that needs serious examination in a constructivist classroom. As Paul Thomas of Fordham University states education has evolved from a system done to students where, “Learning is reduced to a discrete body of knowledge to be imparted by the teacher and deposited in the student”(Thomas, 2013). While this kind of teaching still exists in many places it evolved into a system done for students, where expected outcomes are pre-planned and teachers guide students down a prepared path with measurable steps and predictable outcomes.

In a constructivist classroom the teacher’s role is very different. The teacher in this environment is a guide, not a judge; a developer of experiences, not strictly prescribed plans. The teacher is a learner with more experience to share, not a distributor of facts they have already mastered. Teachers should more often do the assignments they assign students, or sit down with the students and work on a project. The difference in perspective when sitting with the students instead of standing in front of them is enlightening. I often use the analogy of a personal trainer when explaining the role of the teacher. A trainer finds what the client hopes to accomplish and designs a series of exercises and guides the client through the workouts giving advice, suggestions and encouragement. However, if the plan calls for twenty push-ups, the trainer doesn’t drop to the ground and start doing push-ups. It is up to the client to do the work. This is where modern education has become most misguided. The students aren’t expected to do the majority of the work, and often they are expected to do more work than is possible outside of school.

Class time should not be where students come to watch teachers work hard. It should be where they work hard. Time spent in class working is often seen as a waste of time. Students have been trained to believe if the teacher isn’t doing anything to or for them, then class is over. When a person goes to the gym they don’t sit and watch their trainer work out, nor should students sit and watch their teachers. They need to be actively involved. This is going to require some sacrifice of control on the part of the teacher and much more effort on the part of the student.

This is the first place teachers will experience resistance. Students are not used to actually being responsible for doing work. They know how to fill out worksheets and following clearly planned out projects, but not how to do work that requires skills not often required in class such as asking questions and analyzing information. This kind of work pushes them outside of their comfort zone, and students hate not being comfortable. This is where the teacher as motivator and guide comes in. They don’t like being uncomfortable because they are afraid their grades will suffer. This is a situation where you can have your cake and eat it too. By focusing on the process of learning, students will still get good grades, but they will retain more of what they learn and take away skills that they can use in other classes and their lives outside school.

As mentioned earlier, the role of the teacher will change in a constructivist classroom, but so will the relationship between the teacher and the students. Students have to know that you genuinely care about them and their development. It is very difficult to teach in a constructivist manner if your main focus is compliance.

Constructivism in a high stakes world

Most people would agree that learning for the sheer love of learning is a noble endeavor. They would also quickly agree that, like communism, it is good in theory but not possible in reality. In today’s high stakes, accountability culture it can difficult to advocate for a pure sense of learning, which is exactly why it is needed now more than ever.

In my two plus decades as a teacher I have seen a steady slide in education from learning to test prep. As states continually push policies that are based on a competitive model of ranking and sorting, schools are pressured into conforming to the methods that most effectively increase their rankings. Doing well on the mandated tests is the most prominent approach, but pushing advanced classes that help media created rankings is also big. Either way, the end result is preparing for an exam.

School districts, schools and teachers have spent an inordinate amount of time refining curriculum, engaging in professional development and coordinating teaching practices to maximize performance on tests. Some would argue that doing well on tests demonstrates that students are learning. This is a fallacy that has been perpetuated across the country both in  and out of education. This is a fallacy that can only be fought from the inside. School districts need to at the forefront of explaining how and why this assumption is incorrect, and it is going to have to be the districts that most benefit from the system that lead the charge.

All across the country, accountability measures and high stakes testing have failed to achieve their stated goals. There are a few possible explanations for this. One explanation is that the desired outcomes of raising scores and the quality of education for all students was never the actual goal to begin with. The actual goal was to discredit and demoralize public schools everywhere so it would be easier to privatize and corporatize the system. This theory may be a little too conspiratorial for many, but not completely outlandish.

The real issue, which no one at any level wants to deal with, is poverty. It is no accident that the highest ranked districts in all states are from higher socio-economic areas and those that are ranked at the bottom from lower socio-economic areas. Generally, there are exceptions. There are some magnet, charter and traditional public schools that outperform the other schools in their area. These are usually singular cases that exist because of exceptional leadership or history, or some kind of non-reproducible factor. A school like the Harlem Children’s Zone is consistently successful because it addresses the many factors that lead to poor performance. Students live at the school, parents are given job and parenting lessons. It isn’t just an academic school. Most school districts do not have the resources to replicate this program.

Teachers, Shut the F@#* Up

As a teacher for over twenty years I have come to a conclusion of what needs to be done to improve our schools, but it’s going to be harder than most think. I say this with all due respect, because I know how hard most teachers work and how difficult their situations can be; teachers, shut the f*@# up!

Many teachers think if they aren’t talking, or in some way in control of the room, nothing is getting done. That may be the case, but mostly because students have been trained that if the teacher is not talking, the class is over. Some teachers go out of their way to get students engaged. They find entertaining videos, they design elaborate projects, they put on a show five or six times a day. Engagement is better than not, but the real goal should be student empowerment.

Teachers, by nature, are talkers. Someone who is extremely introverted is not going to put themselves in front of kids every day, all day. Teachers are, by nature, helpers. We want kids to do well and to learn things. If a student is stuck, we want to help. All too often, despite the best of intentions, the class becomes focused on the teacher, not the students. Either the teacher is literally the focus, listen to me talk all period, or the teacher is in control through what is expected to be done. The teacher designs the project, lesson, debate, etc. with specific outcomes in mind and ways to make sure compliance is achieved.

As good as a lesson or lecture or any other teacher controlled thing maybe, it isn’t about us or the curriculum, or for God’s sake, the test. It’s about the kids. So let’s shut up and listen. Listen to the questions students have about the subject. Their questions will matter more to them than yours will. In fact, many of them will be the same and possibly better than what you came up with. They may even expand your own concept of the issue.

The problem is most high school students no longer know how to ask questions. They have been so acculturated to answer other people’s questions, asking your own is perceived as a weakness in ability. Smart kids know things, they don’t ask questions. The concept that questioning leads to deeper and deeper understanding is akin to saying there may be alternative universes. Even if the concept isn’t completely out of the scope of possibility, the knowledge needed to even talk about that issue is not there.

Unlike quantum physics, learning how to ask questions is not that difficult. There are a variety of techniques that can be used to develop the questioning skill, but they have to be used and valued. If the students know they just need to be quiet long enough for the teacher to take over again, that is what will happen. We, the teachers, have to be comfortable in the silence to let the students learn to develop their own voice and understand that education isn’t done to you, but is an active experience.

It's all coming together

     It seems so clear in my mind, but I sometimes have trouble understanding why others can't see it.  Making a truly student centered classroom has been a process that has taken me years to formulate.   The day to day management has been the biggest problem.  Until now the technology has been the biggest impediment.  With the chromebooks being given to every student next year, that hurdle is gone.
     The other impediment has been the students.  They are very well trained, and like any trained thing, they don't adjust well to change.  Eventually they will understand I am trying to free them from the monotony of contemporary education.  I am trying to give them a voice and a choice in what and how they learn.  Even if it is just in my classroom.
     That leads me to the third impediment, the system itself.  Some of my colleagues and I joke that we are in the Matrix, and like the movie, we are the only ones that see it.  So how do I, as one teacher, stand out and do what I know is right, when the rest of the system continues to play the game?  The only way I know how, just by doing it.
     So how exactly is it going to work?  I am pretty sure I am close to having the answer to that question.  Maybe another blog post soon.

Why we do what we do.

Occasionally it is useful to look at your classes and ask yourself, "Why am I doing this?".  Far too often the answer to that question is not sufficient. If the best response to that question is because it's on the test, or the scope and sequence says I have to cover it, we can't expect students or teachers to be engaged.

School should be a place where students learn to ask questions and explore interests.  Instead it is too often a place where they are lead from class to class, dutifully following directions and doing assignments that are totally disconnected from their lives and interests.  Students should have more say in the topics they want to study.  They need guidance, not prescribed sets of curriculum.

When teachers ask the question, "Why am I doing this?", the answer needs to be because it will make the student's think and learn.  We are here to teach students, not subjects. When the curriculum and assessment become more important than the students we have lost our way.

Minimal Effort, Maximum Reward

Today I announced the portfolios for the civil liberties and civil rights unit will be due next Thursday.  "Portfolio of what?", I heard many times. "Portfolio of your work for this unit, like all the other units." I responded. "But we haven't done anything."  By that I usually interpret I haven't given specific work to be turned in and graded. We worked on civil liberties debates and will discuss more tomorrow, but I haven't told the students exactly what they should be learning.

This is one of the problems with our system.  We create students, not learners.  If I don't tell people exactly what to do, and frequently how to do it, they are at a lose. It's not really the student's fault.  They have been trained to behave this way.  Classes have never been places to explore ideas, they are things to get through.  The mindset is to get as high a grade as possible, by doing as little as possible.  By the time these kids are seniors they have become quite adept at this routine.

If this is going to change, the focus needs to change. The process of learning is just as, if not more, important than what is learned. What do we want the students to know and how do we know they know it, are the wrong questions.  What do the students want to know and how we going to help them develop the skills to know it are better questions that should guide our teaching.

Questions

I often ask if there are any questions about anything we have been studying recently to start a class. Occasionally, a hand will go in the air.  Most of the time there is an extended moment of silence, as the students look down at their desks, shuffle papers and try to avoid eye contact.  For some reason many students act like asking a question is like going to confession.

I have said many times to my students that the ideal class would be nothing but student questions and discussion of those questions.  After all, questions the students have are going to be more meaningful to them and will lead to more learning. The problem is kids have been taught that answers are more important than questions. We always say it's about what you know, not what you still need, or want, to know. Real learners understand there is a lot they don't know, and are comfortable with that. They even enjoy it.  As Socrates said, "The only true wisdom is knowing you know nothing."  I hope as a teacher I can follow Twain's idea to never let "my schooling interfere with my education".

Debates

Yesterday was the first day of the civil liberties debates in Government.  I was very happy with the first set of debates. Every group went all the way or close to the five minute time limit. The arguments were well organized and prepared.  The rebuttals were not as strong, but that is harder to do. It is a totally different skill set. It is funny to see how badly many of the kids want to get into a give and take argument but can't in this format.

Time

I can't tell you how many times I hear, "I don't have time for that," from students and teachers.  There are only so many hours in the day, and everyone feels crunched for time occasionally, but the time problem can be minimized in class relatively easily.

First, if you focus and work a typical class period is a lot of time to get things done.  Laser focus every second of every period is not realistic, but a good half hour of hard work will go a surprisingly long way.  It is a lot easier to waste a class period than to use it well, but that is a life skill.  Most people would have more than enough time if they used it more effectively.

From the perspective of the teacher, I have been surprised how much time is freed up when I don't try to plan every minute of every period.  Allowing the students to make decisions about what they need to get down and how to do it, frees up time for them and me.  It gives me time to work with the students and along side them.

Probably the biggest adjustment teachers can make, myself included, is learning to shut up.  Teachers need to listen more and talk less.  A big part of this goes along with the giving up of control.  When the teacher is talking they feel in control.  I am not saying there is no place for lectures and direction, but I try to remind myself to make it brief.  The less I talk, the more time there is for work.

If you feel you don't have, figure out ways to make some of it.

Student Centered Classes

My goal for the last three years has been to move to a student centered classroom environment.  Daniel Pink's presentation on motivation highlights three key aspects for personal motivation; choice, challenge/mastery and purpose.  Those are three great principles to organize a class around.  If classes focused on big questions that people cared about, there would be far more interested students.  I know certain things need to be covered in different classes, that is a topic for a later entry. At least in my content their is plenty of room for all three of those to work.  The more classes become student centered, not content centered, the better the learning will become.

Motivation and Grades

Why do students go to class, do homework or study for tests?  Most students would answer they do all of those things for the grade.  But are grades an addiquit motivator?  Are they even an accurate way to measure learning?  I would argue grades are problematic, at best.

Grades are a form of external motivation.  The more they are used the more intrinsic motivation is killed.  When you see young children they want to know more and more.  By the time they have reached high school the intrinsic desire to know and learn is all but gone for the majority of students. The two most used questions by students are, "Is this on the test?" and "How many points is this worth?".  Learning for the sake of knowledge is rarely considered.

The other major problem is the importance given to the grades.  Grades have become almost a declaration of personal worth.  Kids measure themselves and others based on them.  Grades are not measurements of a person value nor are they an accurate representation of learning and knowledge.  The inaccuracy of grades is demonstrated well here http://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2015/01/what-grade-should-they-get.html.  

Education needs to move to a system that encourages intrinsic motivation and leads to learning for the sake of learning.

Giving Up Control

Many educators are very wary of giving up control.  But it is exactly that act that will free students to once again find their intrinsic desire to learn.  Giving up control doesn't mean the classroom is total anarchy.  It means the teacher is not the sole authority on what should be covered and learned.  Students should not walk into the classroom every day with the mindset of "What is he going to make us do today?".  They should walk in thinking "What do I need to get done today?"  The teacher should not have every second of every period planned out, the same for every student.  There are due dates and whole class activities, but not every day.  Not most days.  When teachers learn to sacrifice some control, to get students thinking and then get out of the way.  Real learning can take place.

Multiple choice

I agree with number 10.  Multiple choice is worthless.  I know you can write higher order questions but all they can tell me is whether it is correct or not.  I learn nothing about my students, and what they know.  They save time but htat's it.

Will Richardson video

I agree with a lot of what Will has to say about education.  I don't think technology is the end all be all that a lot of people do, but it is a great tool, and kids need to be taught how to use that tool.  There is more information at our finger tips than ever before, yet people know less than ever before.  That is a result of attitude and feelings about education not available resources.  Kids start out excited about learning and discovering and by the time they reach their senior year of high school that has been taken out of them, with a few exceptions.  I agree that a fundamental shift in our purpose needs to be addressed.